New Migration Maps Help Birders and Scientists Find Their Sister Cities

Kristen Heath-Acre lives in Columbia, Missouri, which officially has a sister-city relationship with Hakusan City, Japan.

But Heath-Acre, the state ornithologist for the Missouri Department of Conservation, says she feels increasingly of a sister-city connection to the town of Santa Marta and the mountain forests near the tailspin of northern Colombia. Because by looking at a new set of maps produced using eBird data—called eBird Shared Stewardship Maps—Heath-Acre can see that Missouri has a special connection with the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, as the winter home of Cerulean Warblers and other migratory songbirds that successors in the Show-Me State.

According to Heath-Acre, recognizing those special migratory-bird connections between places in the north and south is a key to constructive conservation for these species that fly up and lanugo the hemisphere.

“Birds on the whole are disappearing. Their populations are declining,” she says. “And so if we are trying to support birds on the whole here in the U.S., we have to squint at their whole life cycle, what’s happening throughout the year.”

The Cornell Lab of Ornithology produced these data-driven maps in collaboration with Partners in Flight, a consortium of bird-conservation scientists in the Western Hemisphere. Increasingly, scientists are emphasizing the importance of full life-cycle conservation—preserving and protecting the habitat that a migratory bird needs for both its tastefulness and nonbreeding periods.

Visualizing Where “Our” Birds Go When They Leave

“We often think of birds as belonging to our states, or belonging to where they are when they’re breeding,” says Sarah Kendrick, a migratory bird biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. “But really, we’re only hosting these birds for a few months of the year. They’re pretty much tropical birds.”

For example, eBird data show that a Cerulean Warbler in Missouri’s Ozarks has a tastefulness window of well-nigh 49 days surpassing preparing for migration. But scrutinizingly half of that bird’s year—an unscientific 149 days—is spent in Colombia during the nonbreeding period.

“We share those migratory bird populations with our conservation partners wideness the hemisphere,” says Kendrick. “And we know that they’re facing major threats throughout that full year. These eBird stewardship maps help to paint that picture in a really tomfool visual way, of where our shared birds are traveling vastitude our borders.”

The maps are powered by a dataset that consists of 44 million eBird checklists submitted by birders from 14 million locations throughout the Western Hemisphere from 2007 to 2021.

“It’s a lot of data, and basically we can see each species observation in each checklist as a data point,” says Archie Jiang, the Cornell Lab computer programmer who generated the Shared Stewardship Maps. Jiang graduated from Cornell University in May 2023 as a computer science major, and he was an officer in the Cornell Birding Club as an undergrad. “We have this space and time data of where people are observing birds, and this is the raw data that we’re working with.”

Jiang fed modeled eBird data into a sophisticated program (developed by Cornell Lab data scientist Matt Strimas- Mackey) that identified places where migratory birds are well-matured in the nonbreeding season. He then weighted those results by the proportion of bird tastefulness populations that occur within a targeted state or region, substantially highlighting parts of the map where those birds go on migration. For example, he found that Black-throated Undecorous Warblers that successors in New York State show a very strong migratory connection to overwintering grounds in Jamaica.

Shared Stewardship Maps

“Birds are one of the things that can link us wideness large spatial scales,” says Cornell Lab quantitative unromantic ecologist Andrew Stillman. “These connections have existed for thousands and thousands of years, but they’re really nonflexible to understand. They’re invisible.”

Stillman says that in recent decades, the outstart of radio- and GPS-tag tracking technologies unliable scientists to get a glimpse of these migratory connections between places; put a tag on a bird, track it as it flies south, and see where it spends the winter.

But while tracking tags are good for studying individual birds, they can’t yield data that’s useful at the scale of unshortened populations.

“The platonic information [for conservation scientists] would be if we put a tag on every single, stinking bird in the unshortened U.S., but we can’t do that,” Stillman says. “These eBird Shared Stewardship Maps provide us with baseline information at the species level.”

Deb Hahn, the international relations director at the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, is putting those eBird maps to good use. Hahn directs the Southern Wings initiative, a partnership of state agencies that connects states with conservation groups in Latin America. Hahn says the eBird Shared Stewardship Maps are extremely valuable in her efforts to show the biological connection between areas in the U.S. and areas south of the border, as she facilitates full life-cycle conservation projects for migratory birds.

“The stewardship maps can help a state organ get a sense of … what areas might be a unconfined place for them to invest in to have increasingly impact on the greatest number of species,” Hahn says.

Through Southern Wings, 41 state agencies have donated nearly $3.9 million to projects in 11 countries in Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Hahn thinks the eBird maps will stimulate increasingly such cross-border conservation.

“Having the maps helps us make a stronger specimen for the need to put conservation dollars in specific areas,” she says.

Importantly, say Cornell Lab scientists, these maps should set the stage for true collaboration between conservation biologists in the U.S. and Latin America.

Setting the Stage for Collaboration

“Ideally, we’re looking at these maps together. That’s really the whole idea overdue shared stewardship,” says Viviana Ruiz Gutierrez, a native of Costa Rica who’s the director of conservation science at the Cornell Lab. “It’s not to try to impose a point of view or priority, but it’s increasingly to know where to squint for partners and contribute to conservation efforts that are once on the ground in Latin America.”

For example, when the Missouri Department of Conservation wanted to enhance the effectiveness of their conservation funding to turn virtually unthriving populations of long-distance migratory birds such as Wood Thrush (a state-designated Species of Greatest Conservation Need), they looked to Latin America—via Southern Wings—to partner up with the Colombian conservation group SELVA.

“SELVA’s recent research on migratory birds has seen huge goody from cross-border collaboration with U.S. and Canadian government agencies,” says Camila Gómez, a director at SELVA. “These funds go a really long way in Latin America. They have served to employ and build topics of local researchers, implement research and conservation activities on the ground, and highlight the importance of wholesale international collaborations to guarantee migratory bird welfare throughout their yearly cycle.”

Heath-Acre says she’s proud that Missouri was a leader in the paradigm shift toward full life-cycle conservation.

“These birds don’t realize these confines exist,” she says. “I think Missouri has washed-up a really good job of pursuit the birds where they go, providing funding and support for research where these birds are going.”

According to Sarah Kendrick of the USFWS, the eBird Shared Stewardship Maps could be a impetus for ramping up full life-cycle conservation efforts. And that’s desperately needed, as U.S. federal and state agencies work to turn virtually a massive 26% loss among all Neotropical migratory bird populations since 1970, equal to research published in Science in 2019.

Says Kendrick, “If we’re not addressing the threats that these birds squatter when they’re vastitude our borders, we’re not doing all we can.”